Energy requirements during pregnancy and lactation

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Energy requirements during pregnancy and lactation.

OBJECTIVE To estimate the energy requirements of pregnant and lactating women consistent with optimal pregnancy outcome and adequate milk production. DESIGN Total energy cost of pregnancy was estimated using the factorial approach from pregnancy-induced increments in basal metabolic rate measured by respiratory calorimetry or from increments in total energy expenditure measured by the doubly ...

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Assessment of dietary vitamin D requirements during pregnancy and lactation.

Concerns about vitamin D have resurfaced in medical and scientific literature because the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the United States, particularly among darkly pigmented persons, has increased. The primary goals of this review were to discuss past and current literature and to reassess the dietary reference intake for vitamin D in adults, with particular focus on women during pregn...

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Energy and nitrogen metabolism of rabbits during pregnancy, lactation, and concurrent pregnancy and lactation.

1. In an experiment twenty-four cross-bred does were used, six in each of four physiological states: non-pregnant (NP), pregnant (P), lactating (L) or concurrently pregnant and lactating (CPL). They were offered a diet of high nutrient density (crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25) 272 g/kg dry matter (DM), metabolizable energy 15.5 MJ/kg DM) at one of two intakes on a scale based on metabolic body-w...

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Bone mineral changes during pregnancy and lactation.

Significant calcium transfer from the mother to the fetus and infant occurs during pregnancy and lactation, theoretically placing the mother at an increased risk for osteoporosis later in life. During pregnancy, intestinal calcium absorption increases to meet much of the fetal calcium needs. Maternal bone loss also may occur in the last months of pregnancy, a time when the fetal skeleton is rap...

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Cardiovascular pharmacotherapeutic considerations during pregnancy and lactation.

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ژورنال

عنوان ژورنال: Public Health Nutrition

سال: 2005

ISSN: 1368-9800,1475-2727

DOI: 10.1079/phn2005793